The characteristics of the glass from St Peter's were compared with those of Venetian and Tuscan production, in order to assess possible common origins. The aim of this work is the characterization of opaque coloured glasses possibly produced in Rome. Antandros glass tesserae were all opacified with antimony oxides and colored with transition metal oxides which are common used in Roman Period.ĪBSTRACT A recent restoration of late 16th-century mosaics in one of the vaults beneath the dome of St Peter's Basilica in Rome allowed sampling and analysis of a group of glass tesserae. Lower natron levels indicate that Antandros mosaic glass may have been produced in 7 th century AD or natron may have been provided from a new flux source due to the shortage of Egyptian mineral soda or due to economic reasons glass manufacturers succeeded to produce same glass with low flux addition. The results show that all the Antandros glasses were produced by using coastal sand as Levantine I glasses and exhibit similar compositions with natron type glasses (Roman type glasses), except for lower natron levels. Their color, mineralogical, chemical and microstructural characteristics were determined using colorimeter, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscope. The main objective of this study was to determine the compositional group of the glass tesserae. In this study, material characteristics of glass mosaic tesserae from Antandros ancient city, western Turkey, were investigated. Three glass types and some recipes not attested before in this chronological range for the production of tesserae are documented, such as the use of a local low-chlorine natron glass for the production of black and red tesserae, the blue colouring by a source of cobalt with zinc in a natron glass tessera and the opacification with tin oxide (both in a lead-free and in a high-lead natron glass), as well as with quartz. In the church, the samples attest a technological change from Roman tradition, and a complex pattern according to building history (two phases are attested, probably in the sixth and eighth to ninth c.), and a multiplicity of supply. They were made using a Levantine 1 raw glass, generally attributed to the early Byzantine period (fifth to sixth c.). ![]() ![]() In the destruction layers of the theatre, tesserae produced following the Roman glassmaking technology (natron glass opacified by calcium and lead antimonate) were found. The aims are to add new information to the scant knowledge of the Byzantine glassmaking technology, to constrain the chronology of the mosaics and to trace the supply routes of the tes-serae. Philip) are analysed by particule-induced X-ray emission and particule-induced gamma ray emission and electron probe X-ray microanalysis to obtain the chemical composition and identify the colourants and opacifiers. Fifty-seven samples of loose tesserae from two sites in the town (the theatre and the church of St. This study focuses on the Byzantine glass tesserae from Hierapolis (Phrygia, central Turkey).
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